the indian history

ANCIENT HISTORY

Scientist postulate that some 15,000 million years ago an event known as “BIG BANG” triggered the birth of our universe. About 10,000 millions years ago earth took shape from a slurring mass of gas and dust. Earth began to cool 4500 million years ago(this is also the age of earth), it crust harden and water in the atmosphere condense to produce rain that form ocean ,lake and river. Earth achieved it present form in four stage of evolution
Even man passes through stages of evolution while man appeared during Pleistocene period of quaternary age some 26 lakh year ago but true Homo Sapiens 40,000 years ago. In India the earliest traces of human existence so far discovered go back to the second inter glacial period between 4 to 2 lakh BC. This is suggested by a large number of primitive tools found in the Shoan valley in Punjab and in the south chiefly Madras.
PRE HISTORY
The history of human from their first appearance to around 3000BC is called pre history phase. the first tools man made was of stone therefore this period was called stone age .After stone tools man discovered Copper and this phase is called chalcolithic .Pre history phase ends with chalcolithic period. In around 2300BC Indus valley civilization appeared which was bronze age and in around 1000BC during later Vedic period iron was discovered which was responsible for the rise of big territorial state like The Magadha
STONE AGE CHALCOLITHIC AGE  BRONZE AGE  IRON
(2.5 LAKH BC) (3000 BC) (INDUS VALLEY,2300BC) LATER VEDIC 100 STONE AGE
The stone age is divided into Paleolithic age(early stone age),Mesolithic age(middle stone age) and Neolithic age(new stone )
(a) Paleolithic age Paleo means old and lithic means stone, that is old stone age. the tools were usually made of hard rock “QUARTZITE” therefore Paleolithic man in India is also called quartzite man. the first paleaolithic stone tools in India was discovered by Robert Bruce .they were hunters and food gatherers .they had no knowledge of agriculture and lighting fires. Sohan valley in Punjab, Didwana in Rajasthan and Bhimbetka in MP are some important site from where large number of tools have been found.
(b)THE MESOLITHIC AGE It is the transition period between Paleolithic and Neolithic age .It began around 10,000BC and continued till 4000 BC.The characteristic tools of Mesolithic age are “microliths” i.e. blades and scrapers all made of stone.this microliths were first discovered by Carley from Vidhyan rock. Bagor in Rajasthan and Adamgarah in MP are the most important excavated site of this period.
(c)THE NEOLITHIC AGEThe Neolithic age began in India around 4000BC,the only Neolithic settlement attributed to 7000bc lies in Mehargarh.The stone implements of this age were more skillfully made and often polished.Practice of agriculture,domestication of animal and the Dolmans or megalithic tombs are the characteristic features of Neolithic age
CHLCOLITHIC CULTURE
This culture started with the discovery of Copper, the first metal known to man. in this phase people used objects like tools, weapons and bangles all made of copper. the chalcolithic people practiced Jhum cultivation. they know the art of spinning and weaving because spindle whorls have been discovered at malwa .they live in house mostly made of mud bricks but in Gilund we get evidences of burnt bricks and in ahar in Rajasthan stone buit house have been found. they were expert copper smith and tools,weapons and bangles made of copper was discovered from ahar.It is suggested that decline in rainfall around 1200BC onward was responsible for the eclipse of chalcolithic habitation. in fact chalcolithic culture and Indus valley civilization co existed at same time in different part of India
THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
(BRONZE AGE) (2300-1750 BC)
The Harappan culture existed between 2300-1750BC ,according to C-14 sample.
It is called harappan because this civilization was discovered first in 1921 at the modern site of harappa situated in punjab .The most exciting aspect of this civilization was its highly developed urban life with social inequalities like today. there was uniformity in political and administrative system in different part of civilization as reflected in its uniform town planning, pottery, standard weight and measure. there were probably ruled by class of merchants. It extended from manda in North to Daimabad in South, and from Sutkagedor in West to alamgirpur in the East. The area formed a triangle and accounted for about 13 lakh sq. km.neraly 1000 harappan sites as known but only six sites can be regarded as big cities which are:
(a) HARAPPAIt is situated on the river Ravi in punjab. It was discovered in 1921 by daya ram Sahni. It has citadel which was based on mound and have granary . Harappa provides the evidence of coffin burial.
(b) MOHANJODARO Literally means “mound of the dead”, it was build seven times and is situated in sindh on the bank of Indus. It was discovered by R.D. Banerjee in 1922.It has citadel which contain great bath , granary, collage and assembly hall. The granary is the largest building but the most important public place was the great bath which serve ritual purpose, it has staircase at either side and side room for changing cloths. the floor of wall was made waterproof by bituminous coating and gypsum mortar. A Steatite breaded man and bronze dancing girl and two bronze swords were found.
(c) CHANHUDARDOIt also means “mound of the daed”. It is situated 130 Km south of mohanjodaro and was discovered by Norman Brown. It was centre of beads and shell making. A small ink pot was found and foot prints of a dog chasing a cat was observed.
(d) LOTHAL it is situated in Gujarat at the head of gulf of Cambay on Bhogra river. It was discovered by S. R. Rao. It is the only site in Indus Valley Civilisatrion where dockyard was found. A beed factory, rice husk, a measuring sale and evidence fire altars are observed here.
(e) KALIBANGAthe most important thing about kalibanga is that it had a bangle factory
(f) BANWALI a good quantity of barley has been discovered
(g) DHOLAVIRA here we get evidence of watershed system and harrapan script
TOWN PLANNING
The town had a citadel which were made over a raised artificial platform some 30-50 feet high. it was enclosed by thick mud-brick wall. inside citadel were erected the public building like the great bath. This citadel was occupied by the number of ruling class. Below the citadel in each city there were lower town for common people. The house in the cities followed the grid system as a result of which road cut across each other almost at right angle and city was divided into so many blocks. every street had a covered drainage system.
ECONOMY
.agriculture  barley was the main crop but they also produce wheat, rice, mustard .Evidence of rice husk were found in lothal and rangpur. Foods grains were stored in granaries. Granary were the main building inside citadel which indicates that food grain might had been used for payments of wages. The Indus people were first to produce Cotton .they also domesticated Ox, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig. There is no evidence of Cow.
Trade- the harappan did not use minted currency. trade was probably carried on barter system.they had trade relations with Mesopotamia as many Harappan seals had been discovered in Mesopotamia(Iraq).they get Copper from Khetri mines of Rajasthan and silver,gold and tin from Afghanistan.they were ignorant of Iron
ART AND CRAFT
Seal the greasted artistic creation of the harrapan culture are seal which were made of soft tone called steatite.every merchants had a seal bearing a emblem,often of religious charcter.their primaray purpose was to mark the ownership of the property.
STONE SCULPTURE from mohanjodaro eleven stone sculpture were discovered
Potterythey made wheel turned potterygenerally decorated with design of trees and circle.
Harappan scriptthe largest evidence of script came from dholavira.it is pictrographic and writing was Boustrophedon i.e.from right to left then from left to right.it has not been deciphered so far.
Religious practicesmany terracotta figurines of women suggests that they worship mother goddess. On many seal the male deity is represented in a sitting posture of a yogi .HE is surrounded by a buffalo,an elephant, a rhinoceros and a tiger.this seal reminds us of the shiva in pashupati form .they also worship trees like pipla,neem and birds like pigeon.
The harappan civilization declined around 1800BC.people have suggested several reson for this decline but fairservices suggestion of ecological imbalance is mose accepted.


VEDIC AGE
Rig Vedic age (1500-1000 BC) After the decline of Indus valley civilization around 1800BC ‘a new civilization developed in sapta sindhu (the Indus,and its five tributaries and the saraswati) region. This civilization is different from the Indus valley civilization in several respect.
1.Vedic civilization was rural whereas Indus valley was urban.
2. Vedic people knew the use of iron but iron was not known to the Indus people.
3. Milk was most important diet of the Vedic people. The diet of the Indus people consisted of barley and wheat.
4. Indus people had dark complexion. The Vedic people were red in complex
Scholars held divergent views about the origin of this civilization but views of Max Muller is most accepted. According to him semi-nomadic people whom he called Aryan lived in central Asia .due to pressure of population and pasture land they came to Iran,from there one branch moved towards Mesopotamia(Iraq) and another branch settled in Sapta Sindhu region.Kassite inscription found in Iraq bear some Aryan name which suggest that from Iran a branch of Aryan moved towards Iraq. In this sapta Sindhu region around the river Sarswati now lost in the sands of Rajasthan,Aryan composed the first sacred text which is called Rig Veda.For the purpose of study we divide this whole Vedic civilization into two parts:The early Vedic period or the rig Vedic period roughly dated from 1500-1000BC when rig ved was composed and the later Vedic period dated from 1000-600 BC when later veds were composed.
RIG VEDIC PERIOD (1500-1000BC)
On the basis of rivers mentioned in Rig vEda it was clear that during rig Vedic period Aryan were confined in the region around modern Afghanistan , punjab and Rajasthan. Rivers such as kubha of Afghanistan,sindhu,ravi(parushni),beas(vipas) chenab(askini),satluj (shutudri) and jhelam(vitasa) are clearly mentioned in Rig Veda. Saraswti was the holiest river.Ganges is mentioned once and yamuna thrice.So we can conclude that during this period there was not thick settlement in gangatic Valley .narmada is not mentioned at all in The rig veda so Vindhya regionwas not known to them
Aryan came from outside so how they succeeded over the original inhabitants of this land?they possessed chariots driven by horse. these original inhabitants were called Dayus in Rig-Veda and Aryan were strongly hostile towards them. The term dasyuhatya is repeatedly mentioned in Rig Veda. Aryan fought among themselves also as they were divided into tribes. one such battle known as “battle of ten king” is mentioned in seventh chapter(mandal) of the rig Veda
Now we shall see the important aspect of this period
(a)KINGThe main duty of the king was to protect the life and property of his tribe and the king fought for cows and not for territories. He got a voluntary contribution called “BALI” from people.He was helped by many official like Purohita, senani and Vrajapati(authority over pasture ground)
The king autocracy was controlled by the popular assembalies known as sabha,samiti and vidhata.Vidhata was the oldest assembly. sabha was a council of Nobles and samiti was general assembly. In rig Vedic times women attended sahbha abd vidhata
(b)Social condition The rig Vedic socity was tribal and people led a simple and rural life .class division was present right from the beginning as the earliest hymns of Rigveda speaks of Kshatria(noble) and the Vis(ordinary people).initially the class division was made on the basis of varna which means colour ,but towards the end of rigveda perid 10th chapter(mandal) was added in which Prush sukta hymn was formally introduced the concept of quadruple division of the society.
In rig Vedic time the family was patriarchal in nature. Monogamy was the common from of marriage. Child marriage and sati were unknown. the education of the girls was not neglected. the Rig-Veda mentions the name of women such as Goshala,apala who attained the rank of rishies and composed hymns.
Economy The rig Vedic Aryans were semi-nomadic people with mixed pastrol and agriculture.the cow seems to be most important form of weath.most of the wars were fought for cows.the term for was in rig veda period was “Gavisisthi” or search for cows
Rig Vedic religion they worship god by reciting prayers and offering scarifies .they mainly worship for food,wealth and health.they were not concerned about spiritual upliftment.the most important god at that time was Indra who is also called purandhar.he was rain god and 250 hymes were devoted to him.Soma,was god of plant,an intoxicating drink is named after him.all hymes in his honour is placed in the IX mandal of rig Veda.
THE LATER VEDIC PERIOD( 1000-600BC)
The history of this period is based on later Vedic texts which include Samaveda,Yajurveda,AtharVeda.During the later vedc phase the Aryans entered the fertile plian of Ganges and sadanira.They also crossed Vidhayans(Narmada valley) and established their kingdom in deccan
(a)Kingin Later Vedic times royal power increased and popular assembalies lost importance.trinal authority of the king tended to become territorial.women were no longer permitted to attain assembalies.”bali”,which was voluntary gift now become a forced tax.Now king fought not for cows only but also for land.
(b) Social conditionthe four fold division of society i.e. Brahman,Kshtriye,Vaisyas and sudra was clearly established at this phase. The institution of gotra appeared in later Vedic time and people began to practice gotra exogamy. The concept of four Ashrams that of student,household,forest hermit and recluse are found in Jabla Upanishad ,a sacred book of that era. The position of women declined during this period.child marriage and sati were prevalent.
Economic condtionDuring later Vedic period rice and wheat become the chief crop.now society became agricultural from a pastoral society.The later Vedic period saw the rise of diverse crafts and arts.weaving,leatherwork,pottery made great progress.the most distinctive pottery of later Vedic period was painted grey ware.in later Vedic period in 1000BC iron was discovered for the first time.This discovery was responsible for the rise of big dynasties like magadh.
Later Vedic Religion Now they worship not only for material happiness but also for spiritual upliftment and gave theory of Karma i.e. deed of one life affects the next life.The prayers and sacrifice become complex and were accompanied by formula.the rig Vedic god indra lost his former importance and Prajapati occupied the supreme postion.
Vedic literature the word Veda means “to know” . the Veda consists of Mantra, Brahmans ,Aryanya and Upanishad . mantra means hymns and are distributed into four book-Rig veda, Sam Veda,Yajur Veda and athar veda
Rig Veda It is the oldest book of the world.it contains 1028 sukta and conssits mainly of lyrics in praie of different gods mainly Indra,agni and Soma.IX mandal is dedicated to soma.In Xth mandal Gayatri Mantra and Prushsukta is mentioned. Xth and Ith mandal is latest while 2nd to 8th are earliest.
Sam veda it means melody and its purpose is to give tune for singing the verses of Rig Veda
Yajur Veda it is written in prose and gives detail procedure and methods of sacrifice ritual
Atharva Veda It is in verse and prose and contain magical formula to ward of evil and disease
Brahmans these boks explain the vedic hymns in an elaborate manner
Aranyakas They explain the metaphysical symbolism of sacrifices and were tought in forest due to their magical power
Upanishad There are 108 Upanishad and deals with philosophies related to Doctrine of krma, Soul and God.
VedangasIn order to understand vedic text it is necessary t earn the vedangas
They are
1.shikshs(phonetics) 2.kalpa(ritual) 3.vyakaran(grammer) 4chhand(metrics 5. nirukta(etymology)6.jyotish(astronomy).
 Yaska’s nirukta and Panini’s Astadhayayi on Vyakaran are important books.
PURANthey are 18 in nuber and are termed as the real histories of ancient India because it contain the most systematic record of indian kings.
Six system of philosophy
1.Nyaya(analysis) ----Gautam
2. Vaiseika(atomic model)----Kanad
3.Sankhya---Kapil
yoga---Patanjali
Purva Mimansa---jamini
Uttar Mimansa---vyasa
THE AGE OF BUDHA
(600BC)
JANISM The earliest teaching of Jainism are attributed to parahvanath the 23rd thirthankar.Mahavir was the last of 24th thirthankar .He was born in (540BC-468BC) at kundgram.He got kaivalya under a sal tree on the bank of river Rijupalika near Jumbhikagram
Doctrines of Janism—Jainism tought 5 doctrine
1.do not commit violence-ahimsa
2. do not speak a lie—satya
3. do not steal-asteya
4. do not accurie property—aparigraha
5. observe continence—brahmacharya
only the fifth doctrine was added by Mahavir
Mahavir also tought three fold path known astriratna for the emancipation of soul.these are
a. right belief
b. right knowledge
c. right conduct
JAIN CONCIL for the purpose of compilation of jain literature the first jain council was held at patliputa and the second council was held at vallabhi
Influence of jainsism the jaiism attached utmost importance to non-violence.it even prohibited agriculture because it involved the killing of livilng being.so only traders were attracted towards this religion
BUDDHISM
Buddha was born in 563 BC in a grove of sal ree in Lumbini.At the age of 29, he left home and this is called “MAHABHINISKARAMANA”. He gave his first sermon at sarnath/deer park, this is called “DHARMA CHAKRA PARIVARTANA” .he died in 483 BC at kushinagar,this was called “PARINIRVANA”.
Doctrine of Buddhism
According to him there were four noble truth
1. the world is full of suffering
2. desire is the main cause of suffering
3. freedom from suffering is possible by giving up desire
4. there is a way out of suffering
he propsed eight fold path(Astangika)
1. right observation
2. right determination
3. right speech
4. right action
5. right livelihood
6. right exercise
7. right memory
8. right meditation
• He suggested the middle path in life and tought that a person should avoid the excess of both luxury and austerity
• Buddhism does not recognize the existence of god and soul
• He formed a disciplined body of monks known as SANGHA for the expansion of his ideas
• Influences of Buddhism It diluted the case system . women and shudras were given equal status in Buddhist order. Buddhism emphasizes on non violence towards animal boosted the cattle wealth of the country. Buddha was the first human stature worshipped in India .
• Buddhist literature-It is written in pali and is divided into three categories known as TRIPITAKA
1. SUTTAPITAKA (SAYING OF BUDDHA
2. VINAYAPITAKA9RULES FOR THE SANGH
3. ABHIDHAMN PITAKA(PHILOSOPHY)
• COUNCIL
1. First council was held at rajgriha in 483BC .presided by mahakashpa
2. second council was held at vaishali during the regin of Kala Ashoka in 383BC.In this council Buddhist were divided into two sects
3. third council was held at patliputa during Ashoka time in 250 BC presided by Tissa mugaliputra.In this council it was decided to send Buddhist missionary to other countries
4. fourth council was held in Kashmir under patronage of Kanishka in 72 AD presided by Vasumitra
TERRITORIAL STATE
According to Buddhist text anguttar Nikya there were 16 Maha janpada or kingdom.Of these magadha emerged most powerful
MAGADH EMPIRE(in bihar near patna)(542-444BC)
Magadh became powerful under leadership of Bimbisara he was contemporary of Budha . The earliest capital of magadh was Rajgir .He made magadh powerful through the policy of matrimonial alliances .His son Ajatsatru (492-460BC ) fortified Rajgir to meet the danger of the kingdom of avanti and udayin shifted his capital to patliputra
Shishunagasudayin was suceeced by shishunagsa kala ashoka was the successor of shishunaga.the second Buddhist council was held during his regin
Nanda shishunaga was succeeded by nanda who were the first non kshatriya ruling
King .they annexed kalinga(orrisa).Mahapadmananda was the greated king and claimed to be “Ekarat”,the only king of the world.The last Nanda king dhanananda was defeated by Chandra gupta Maurya who established the Mauryan dynasty
Foreign invasion –when bimbisara was the king of Magadha,the Iranian ruler Darius annexed Punjabin 516BC,this indo-Iranian contact facilated Indo-Iranian Trades and Iranian brought into India a form of writing known as Kharosthi script during Nanda Alexander invaded India in 326BC through Khyber pass and defeated porous(battle of Hydupes) who ruled between Jhelum and Ravi.But the strong Magadh Empire checked Alexander from advancing towards Magadh.These were the political situation when Chandragupta ascended the throne in 322BC after defeating the last Nanda king Dhanananda
The AGE of MAURYAS
The Puran,the Buddhist text,mudrarakshas of Vishakadatta,Indica of Megathenese,Arthashrtra(a book on politics) of Kautilya(also known as Chanakya) are the books and the ashokan edicts and Mauryan sculpture from where we getdetail account about this dynasty
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA(322BC-298BC)—Puran says that Mauryan were sudras while the Buddhist text says they were kshatriya and that the region was full of peacocks that why they got the title of Maurya.Chandragupta fought Selecus and defeated him.Megasthenes the author of indica was a greek ambassador at his court.he was converted to Jainism
Bindusara—he bought daccan under Mauryan control.
Ashoka(273-232bc)—jHe become king after killing his 99 brothers and fought the kalinga war in 261BC.after this war he abandoned the policy of physical conquest in favour of cultural conquest i.e. Bherighosha was replaced by Dhammaghosha.He was converted to Buddhism and third council was held during his time.In Bhabru edcit ashoka Stated his acceptance to Buddhism creed
He was the first indian king to talk directly to the people through his inscription.these inscription were generally placed on the highways.the epigraph were first read by james Princep .it is composed in prakrit and are written in Brahmi script
Edicts 1st rock edict –prohibition of animal sacrifice
2nd rock edict—medical mission sent to land of chola,cheera ,pandyan,Ceylon
13th RE—kalinga war,chola,chera,satyputra,pandya as his neighbour mentioned
maski edict—the name ashoka appeared here
Ashoka appointed many official for propagating religious idea.they were called Dharmamahamatras
GENERAL PICTURE OF MAURYAN SOCIETY
Political setup –The king was the supreme head of the state .He was assisted by a council of 14 ministerknown as Amatyas.According to Arthashastra, the king appointed 27 superintendents to regulate economic activities.The Mauryan empire was divided into five provices. There capital were at Taxila, Ujjain, Suvarnagiri,Tosali and patliputra .Province was placed under prince
AR MY—the most striking feature of Mauryan administration was maintenance of huge army. they also maintained Navy .
Taxes—this was called Bhaga and varied from 1/4th to 1/6th f the produce
Society—according to megasthenese the caste system was very rigid and the society was divded into seven caste.purdha was not known and practice of sati was rare.Arthashastra mentions slaves who were employed in agriculture
Religion—Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism were popular relion at that time
Art and Architecture – single lion Capital obtained from Rampurva,single bull Capital from sarnath and a caed elephantfrom Dhauli are the masterpiece of Mauryan sculture. Brahmanical reaction and the policy of non violence were responsible for the decline of Mauryan empirePushymitrs Sunga,a Brahmin killed the last Mauryan king Brihadrath.The sungas were succeeded by kanvas who were also Brahman
The kana dynasty was in turn destroyed due to the expansion of satavahna in the deccan and the foreign invansion in the north
During Ashoka’s time whole India was under Mauryan influence except deep south as we can see in the map.Durind kanavas there was series of foreign invansions in the north and rise of satvahna in the deccan (Andhra Pradesh)
POST MAURYAN PERIOD (200BC-300AD)
FOREIGN INVENSION
The Greeks—The first to invade India were greeks and the most famous ruler was Menander who ruled from Sakala.He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena.The conversation between Menander and Nagasena was recorded in form of book known is Milendo-Panha.They were first to issue gold coin in India and introduced Hellenstic art which developed into Ghandhara art
The Shakes—the Greeks were followed by shakes.the most famous shaka ruler was Rudra Daman 1(130AD),who ruled over sindh, Gujarat,and malwa.he issued first ever long inscription that is Girnar inscription in chaste Sanskrit.There were five branches of shakes in India.Bhumaka was the founder of saka dynasty of maharashtra
The kushan—the Shakes were followed by the kushans.Before coming to India they lived in the neighbouring regions of central asia.Kanisska was the most powerful ruler of this dynasty who ruled over western part of India with capital at Purushpur (Peshawar).He even annexed Kashmir .He was not a shaka but the era started in AD78 by him is known as saka era.He issued numerous gold coin and introduced Aksnyanivi system(religious fund).in his time fourth council of busshism was held at Kashmir.Kanishka’s court was adorned by buddist philosopher nagarjun and the physician charaka .
SATVAHANA (IN DECCAN)
In Deccan and in central India the Satvahanasa succeeded the Mauryan .the founder of this dynasty was Simuka..The greasted enemy of Satvahana were Sakas that why the satvahana king Gautamiputra Satakami (160AD) took ptoud in calling himself the destroyer of saka and greeks.the satvahana were the first ruler to made land grants to brahamanas . Hala .a satvahana king wrote Gathasaptsati.
300AD- 800 AD
history of north and deccan
In North India the Kushan power came to an end around 230 AD.in around 275 AD srigupta founded the gupta dynasty.In 500AD huna invansion occurred and after 550Ad gupta empire broke up. After the disintregration of the gupta empire north India was divided into a number of small independent states .in 600 Ad harshavardhana founded the pushyobhuti kingdom in the gangatic valley .in 650 AD harasa empire disintegrated and then kingdom of south and deccan grew powerful.
In deccan after the decline of the satvahana , the vakatakas came to control parts of the deccan and central India till the rise of Chalukyas.the chalukyas grew powerful in the deccan towards the middle of the 6th century.this dynasty had two branches. The chalukyas of Badami ruled during 550-753 ad.Rashtrakuttas overthrew dyanasty of Badami in753AD and ruled upto 973AD. After 973,the chalukyas again established their rule at Kalyani. Their reign lasted for about 200 years.
NORTH India Kushan (78-230 AD)  Gupta(230-550AD)  harsha(600-650)
DECCAN SATAVAHANAS,after MauryasVAKATAKAS Chalukyas of Badami(550-753AD)Rashtrakutta(753-953AD)chalukyas of kalyani(953-1190AD) Yadava ALAUDIN KILJI INVANSION IN 1294 AD
Now we shall see about these dynasties in some detail.
GUPTA empire Gupta may have been feudatories of Kushan and were \probably of Vaisya origin.They ruled over gangatic basin,prayag(Allahabad),Saket(Auhodaya),Magadh .their capital was at parayag .Srigupta was the founder of this dynasty.
Chandragupta I (319-335AD) He assumed the title of MAHARAJADHIRAJ. He started the gupta era in 319AD.
SAMUDRAGUPTA(335-380AD)he adopted the title of kaviraj.he believed in the policy of violence and conquest that why he is called the Napoleon of India.His court poet Harisena wrote Allahabad Inscription.on some of his gold coins he is represented playing Veena.
Chandragupta II(380-412AD)he adopted the title of VIKRAMADITYA.he extended the limit of gupta empire by matrimonial alliances and conquest.he was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coin.Ujjain was the second capital of ChandraguptaII.
Kumargupta-he founded the monestries of Nalanda which developed into a great centre of learning.In his time the hunas who were a central asian people invaded the gupta empire.during the war with the Huna Kumargupta died and SkandGupta asuumed power.
Skandgupta-He defeated the huna king Mihirkula
BUDHgupta he was the last emperor who preserved unity of the kingdom.after his death Hunas enterd into Sialkot and Malwa and gradually gupta empire started loosing their territorial control and no trace exist after 550AD.
VishnuguptaProbably he was the last gupta king
POLITICAL SET UP The gupta kings adopted title such as MAHARAJADHIRAJ and PRAMESHVAR,which indicate they rule over lesser kings.Kingship was hereditary but the concept of primogeniture was not very developed .in the gupta period for the first time civil and criminal laws were clearly defined. Administration was carried by council of ministers of which three were important
• SANDHIVIGRAHIKA-foreign affair
• AKSHAPATALADHIKRIT- In charge of records
• AMATYAS—
• WHOLE KINGDOM was divided into smaller administrative blocks like bhukti and vishayas
• Bhukiti were under uparika and vishyas under vishayapati.
TRADE the gupta issued the largest number of gold coins which were caller Dinars during this time professional bodies called GUILDS were developed .they did professional activities like banking.
Social development the Brahmans were the privileged class but the position of Sudras improved.now they could worship lord Krishna and were allowed to perform certain domestic rites which bought fees to the priest.the first evidence of SATI appears during Gupta time in 510AD at Eran in Madhya pradesh .Idol worship of the hindu gods stated during Gupta period.
ART the ajanta painting and the lofty stone idol of lord Buddha at Bamiyan in Afghansitan belong to gupta period.Ghandhara school of painting also developed during this period.
LITERATURE The gupta period was the golden age for indian literature and kalidash flourished in the reign of ChandraguptaII. He wroteABHIGYANAM SHAHKUNTALAM, MEGHDOOT, AGNIMITRAM
BHASA-SVAPANAVASA
VISHNUGUPTA-PNCHATANTRA
BHATTIN-RAVAN VADHA
This period also saw the compilation of puransand the epic like Ramayana
Science the Mehrauli iron pillarbelongsto chandragupta 11 period
Astronomy—aryabhatt wrote aryabhattiya which delt with revolution of earth
Varahamihir wrote panch siddhant and surya siddhant
HARASHVARDHANAAccording to Bana’s harshcharita he belonged to the purshyabhutidynasty of the thaneswar.harsha conqured the five kingdom of north India i.e. punjab,kanauj,Bengal,bihar and orrisa and shifted his capital to kanauj.he started the feudal practice of rewarding officesrs with grants of land.during his time the chinise pilgrim Hsuan-Tsang visited India in 629AD.he came to India o study at
Nalanda and to collect Buddhist texts.




HISTORY OF DECCAN AND SOUTH INDIA
(UPTO 800AD)
As we have seen earlier deccan was under control of Mauryan empire. after Maurya Satvahana rose to power . The link is as follows.

Satvahana  Vakataka  Chalukya of Badami  Rastrakutas  Chalukya of KalyaniYadava  Alauddin Invasion in 1294 AD.
But these dynasties of Deccan were in conflict with the kingdom of deep South so we shall first try to get the glimpses of southern political affairs.

History of SOUTH
South India denotes the region that lies to the south of two rivers Krisna and Tungabhadra. In the Paleolithic age, this region was inhabited by human beings as evident from the stone tools found here. We also have evidences of Mesolithic and Neolithic phase of the stone age. But Neolithic settlement found in south India are not older than 2500 BC. T. Narsipur is important Neolithic site of south India. In south the stone age was succeeded by the iron age as no copper implement have been found indicating absence of Chalcolithic phase after Neolithic stone age. In 100 BC, south India moved from pre-history into history and literary records reflecting contemporary events are available. The Ashokan inscription of 2nd and 13th rock edicts mentioned the chola, Cheera and Pandyas kingdom. The history of south India from 100 BC to 300 AD is read under the Sangam age.

The Sangam Age
The literature of Sangam age and the Ashokan inscription says that there wee three early kingdom in south
1.the PANDYAS The Pandyas territories includd the modern district of Tiruneluli and Madurai in Tamil Nadu and had its capital at Madurai on the banks of Vaigai river.This kingdom was famous for pearl and had trade relation with roman empire.
2.The CHOLA(sangam chola) the chola kingdom was situated to the north east of pandya kingdom between Pennar and Vellar river.The chola capital was “Uraiyur” a place famous for cotton trade.their greatest king was karikala who constructed 160 km embarkment along the kaveri river.
3.The cheeraThe cheera kingdom included the portion of both Kerala and Tamil nadu with capital at Vaniji.their main port were Muziris and Tondo. The greatest king was Udiyangral.
SANGAM LITERATURE Sangam means collage or assembly of Tamil poets held under the royal patorange of Pandyan kings in madurai.Tradition says that three sangam was held.The first sangam was attended by gods. During second sangam many literature were composed but only the tamil grammar TOLKAPPIYAN writeen by Tolkapiyyar surrived.That why this period of south indian history is called sangam age.

In 3rd century AD,the Sangam kingdom of chola,cheera and Pandya declined and the Pallavas rose to power north of the sangam chola.this kingdom continued till 900AD.the pallavas were then overpowered by the imperial chola in 9th century AD.
Now we shall see in detail about this dynasties of deccan and south India and their mutual conflicts.
Kingdom of deccan
1.VAKATAKASafter the Satvahanas the Vakatakas came to control parts of deccan and central India till the rise of the chalukyas. The founder of this Brahamin dynasty was VindhyaSakti .chandraguptaII is said to have given his daughter Pravhabati in marriage to the vakatakas king rudraSena .
2. Chalukyas of Badami(550-753AD) they established their kingdom in bijapur district of Karnataka with capital at Badami.Puluskin II was the most famous king of this kingdom.He defeated Harshavardhana in 620AD and pallav king MahendraVarman I.He was killed by the pallav king Narasimha varman in 642AD.his court poet Ravikirti wrote eulogy in Aihole inscription .The chalukyan erected around 70 Temple at aihole .At Pattadakal ten temple were buid.The most celebrated temple are papanath and virupaksha temple.
3.RASHTRAKUTTA the founder of the rule was Dantidurga who overthrew the chalukyas of Badami in about 753AD. Their capital was at Manyankhat .The great ruler of the dynasty was KrishnaIII,who occupied Kanchi and Tanjore and defeated a Chola army at battle of TAkkolam and even annexed a part of Chola kingdom.the rashtrakutas ruler were great Patrons of art and Literature. .Krishna I built the famous rock-cut Kailash temple at ellora.
4.chalukyas of kalyaniThe chalukyan kingdom was Re established by TailaII in 973AD when he defeated the last Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsa IV.the most important ruler was VikramadityaII tribhuvanamalla . He was the hero of the b
book Vikramanakadiva-Charita written by Bilhan.He also introduced Chalukyan vikram era (1076AD).
After the decline of chalukyan dynasty,Yadav and Hoysala rose to power.it was during the reign of yadav king Ramachandra that the army led by Ala-ud-din khilji invaded devagri their capital..while the hosalan kingdom attained dominant postion in the beginning of the eleventh century .their capital was dwarsasamudram(Halebid).the hoysalan were great temple builders,most supreme temples are the Keshav Temple at Belur and Hoysaleshwar tempe dedicated to shiva at halebid.the kingdom was invaded by malik Kafur(1310)AD which ended the Haysala rule.
The Pallavathe founder was simhavishnu with capital at kanchi.King Mahendra Varma I was famous for his public welfare. King narshimhavarman I was powerful and defeated chalukyan king puluskin II and build the famous rath Temple and the port city of Mahabalipuram. Narrshimhavarman II build the kailash Temple at kanchi.the last pallav ruler aprajit was killed by Aditya chola.
HISTORY OF INDIA FROM 800-1200AD
On the ruins of Harsha’s empire two powerful kingdom rose in the north.the Pala in Bengal and the Partihars in north west India .At about the same time,the Rashtrakuttas were in power in northern Deccan and chola dominated the south after Pallav
PALA EMPIRE the Pala empire was founded by gopala in 750 AD.His son Dharmpala succeeded to the throne in 810Ad extended his control over Prayagjyotishpur(Assam) and founded the Vikramshila university
PARTIHAR  the Parthihar kingdom was founded by Nayabhatta and mihir Bhoj was most legendary ruler of this dynasty.
The most prominent feature of this period between 800-1000AD was the tripartite struggle among the Pala,Partihars and the Rastrakuttas for the control of Kanauj which was the symbol of power as developed during the reign of Harsha.
In South India in around 750AD after the decline of Pallavas the imperial chola gained the supreme control of south India upto 1200AD.
IMPERIAL CHOLA (900-1200AD)The founder of this dynasty was Vijyalaya in 850 AD who was feudatory of the Pallavas.
In Deccan upto 953AD Rashtrakuttas were in power .The Chola king parantaka was defeated by the Rashtrakutta ruler KrishnaIII at the battle of Takkolam. After 953 Chalyukays of Kalyani replaced Rastrakuttas and Cholas were then involved with them for control of Vengi.
VijayalayaHe founded the Chola kingdom in 850 AD.
Aditya Ihe defeated the Pallava king Aparajit and occupied pallava’s Capital Kanchi and thus put an end to the pallava supremacy.
Parantakahe was defeated in the battle of takkolam against in rastrakutta.
Raja RajaIn his Reign Chola supremacy reached its zenith.He even annexed Ceylon.He also invaded chalukays of kalyani. He buid the famous Brihadeshwar temple and raja rajeshwar temple at Tanjore.
Rajendra I(1012-1042 AD) He annexed the whole ceylon .he came into confict with western chalukyas of Kalayni and he crossed the river Ganga and defeated Mahipala I the king of Bengal. In memory of this victory he assumed the tilte “Gangaikonda Chola” and also buid a new town “Gangaikoda Cholapuran “ and made it his Capital.
Chola Administration The dominant form of government was hereditary monarchy and the LOCAL SELF GOVERNEMNT IS REGARED AS THE BASIC FEATURE OF THE CHOLA.
Economy Overseas trade was the strength of the chola economy..Mahabalipuram,Kaveripattam and Quilon were famous ports for with west and east. Trade with China reached its Climax.
SocietyCaste system become rigid.Temple continued to be the centre of education.Sanskrit was the main language of instruction.
Literature chola constituted the most important epoch of south India history.kamban’s Ramayana in Tamil and Sivakasinadamari of Tirukka……. Were composed.
ReligionThe chola were savites.a nmber of popular saints called Naynaks(shiva ) and alvars(Vishnu) flourished. Their writing are lokked upon as the fifth veda
The chola empire ended at the beginning of 13th century.the place of the chola was taken by the Hoysalas and of the later chalukyas by the yadavs.we already have read about them.







Medieval History
[History from 1000 AD onwards]

In North India the Pala was replaced by the Sena , this kingdom was founded by Vijiya Sena with capital at Nadia. But Bukhtiar Khilji attacked its capital Nadia and occupied it.Bakhtiyar Khilji even destroyed Nalanda and Vikramshila university . In 1000 AD many small Rajput kingdom flourised in the North while Chola were in deep South before the Muslim invaders finally got control over whole India.
Kingdom of Rajput:
1.the Gahadvalas of kanauj The last ruler of this dynasty was Jayachandra.Muhammad Gauri defeated him in battle of Chandawar in 1194AD.
2.The chauhans of Ajmer The most important ruler was Prithviraja III .Chand Bardai’s Prithviraj Rasau is based on his life.In first battle of Tarain in 1191AD he defeated Muhammad Ghori but in the second battle of Tarai in 1192 AD he was defeated this battle was responsible for the establishment of Muslim rule in India.
3.The chaulukyas of Gujarat during the reign of Bhima I.Gazni overran Gujarat and plundered the temple of somnath.
4. The Chandellas of bundelkhand they made many temple at Khajuraho.
COMING OF ARABS (1000AD)
In 700 AD, Sindh was ruled by one Hindu raja Dahir,Muhammad bin Qasim of Arab conquered him in 712 AD. Sindh was under Arabs for 200 years and efficient administration was provided by them.
In 1000AD, one Mahmud established himself at Ghazni in Afghanistan and started expeditions to India.it is said he made 17 raids into India .Mahmud had no plan to build empire. His basic aim was to plunder and acquire wealth .He plundered the temple of Somnath.Firdausi who wrote Shah namah was the poet laureate at the court of Mahamud. Al-Beruni the writer of Tarikh- hind accompanied him during his expeditions.
In 1173AD, Shahbuddin Muhammad better known as Muhammad Ghori ascended the throne at Ghazni and entred India through gomal pass,he came into conflict with PrithvirajIII over claims for Tabarhinda. In IInd battle of Tarain due to better cavalry of Arabs ,prithviraj lost the batte.Md. Ghori also defeated Jaichandra in the battle of Chandawar in 1194 AD.
He returned to Ghazni leaving the charge of conquered Indian territories to Qutab-ud-Aibek, his slave. Aibek captured Delhi,Meerut, Ranthambhor(Rajasthan) and koil.thus he founded the first independent Turkish kingdom in northern India.As Aibek started his career as a slave that why the kingdom founded by him was called slave dynasty.this dynasty was started in 1206AD and continued upto 1290AD.
Slave dynaysty(1206-1290 AD)
QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBEK  his kingdom extended from North west frontier to Bengal.his capital was at Lahore Aibek has been given tille of “Lakh Baksh” and he built two mosques- Quwawat-ul-islam at delhi and Adhai-din-ka-jhopra.
ILTUTMISH(1210-1236AD)he transferred his capital to Delhi and set up an official nobility of slaves known as “chahalgani”.He build Qutub minar in honour of saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar kaki.
Ghiyas-ud-din- Balban(1266-1286)He provided stability to the sultanate(kingdom) by crashing the powr of “chahalgni” and creating a department of military known as “Diwan-i-Arz”.he also appointed Spies in every department. He was a stern ruler but had great sense of justice.He assumed the title of “zill-e-illahi(shadow of god) and started the Persian practice of sijda and Nauroz to increase the dignity of the court
The Khilji dynasty (1290-1320 AD) Balban was succeeded by Kaikubad but he was murdered and Jalal-ud-din- khilji came to power and established the Khilji dynasty.during his tenure Mongols under Abdollah attacked India but he defeated them. Those Mongols who settled in India after loosing the fight were called “new musalmans”. The most important event of his reign was that his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khilji invaded Devagiri in 1294AD. Alauddin brought enormous wealth and by distributing it turned the nobles to his side,he then murdred jalal-ud-din and captured the throne.
Allauddin Khilji(1296-1316AD) After capturing the throne he took hard action against the noble who took bribes from him in conspiracy against Jalal-ud-din and got all the money back.He was the first muslim ruler who separated religion from the state politics. And never allowed religious Ullemas to interfere in decision making
Allaudin was great imperialist. He sent expedition under Ulugh khan to Gujarat in 1298 AD.the temple of somnath was again plundered. Alaaudin defeated a Rajput king Hamir Deva and captured Ranthambhor in 1301 AD.In 1305Ad he conqured Malwa and defeated Ratan singh and took control of Chittor (meewar).In 1307 Ad he started Campaigns of Deccan.At that time there were four kingdom in Deccan
1.Yadav kingdom with capital at Devgiri ruled by Ramachandra
2.Kakatiya kingdom with capital at warrangal ruled by Pratap rudra Deva II
3Hoysala kingdom with capital at Dwar samudra ruled by Vir Balala II
4.Pandya with capital at Madurai ruled by M varma
Mallik Kafur led this campaigns in south India .1309 Ad warrangel was conqured and Koh-i- Noor was bought to Delhi from here.
Allaudin introuded the system of dagh for the marking of horses and huliya system for marking the army.The post of Mustakhraj was created for the purpose of tax collection.Allaudin was great patron of learning and appointed amir Khusho who is also known as Tuti-I-hind.and wrote Tarikh-i-allai and Ashiqa.
Allaudin buit Jamait khana masjid and Alai Darwaza near Qutub minar.
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Ghiyassudin Tughlaq (1320-1324AD) he introduced cannel irrigation and built famous Tughalagabad fort.
Mohammad bin Tughlaq(1324-1351AD)He try to introduced many reforms which weakened him
1.Transfer of capital(1326AD) he transferred his capital from Delhi to Deogiri which was named Daulatabad. After couple of years he decided to switch his capital back to Delhi because he realized that as he could not control south from Delhi and vice versa.
2.Introduction of bronze currency there was shortage of Silver in the world in 19th century ,so he introduced bronze currency.but this idea failed as ordinary people started making counterfeit bronze coins.
3.he also planed to lead an expedition to Khurason.
4.Taxation of the doab(land between ganga and yamuna)-
5. he even thought of Qa rachil expedition in the Kumaon hills in present uttranchal.
He created a new department of agriculture called “ Diwan –i-kohi” and started giving agricultural loans known as Sonadhar for reclaimation of barren lands and Taqavi for promotion of cash crops.
Firoz shah Tuqhlaq(1351-1388AD)-He was a weak ruler and adopted the policy appeasing the nobles, the army and the theologians .he led campaigns to orrisa and plundred temple at puri.He imposed jazia .He collected thousand slaves and created a new department “diwan-i-khairat” .he also established hospital at Delhi.he encouraged agriculture and repaird many cannels.
In 1398 AD during the reign of Muhammad tughlaq Timur invaded India and plundered Delhi ,Tughlaq empire came to an end in 1421 AD as they failed to recover from such a blow.
The Sayyid dynasty(1414-1450AD)-After Mahmud Tughlaq Khizr Khan assumed throne of Delhi .as he was Sayyid by Faith that why this dynasty was called Sayyid dynasty.
Lodhi dynasty(1451-1526AD)—the Lodhi dynasty was the first Afghan dynasty . it was founded by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451AD.
Sikkandar Lodhi-He conqured Bihar and Tirhuit and transferred his capital from Delhi to Agra , a city founded by him.he compilled a book of medicine “sikkandar-i-tibb”.
Ibrahim Lodhi—there was many revolt during his tenure.At last daulat Khan Lodhi ,The Governor of punjab invited Babur,the king of Kabul to defeat him.Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Pannipat 1526AD and thus Mughal empire was established.
SMALL KINGDOM AFTER SULTANATE
During Muhamud bin Tughlaq time except Kashmir whole India was part of the sultanate .as the power of the sultanate declined many small kingdom arose.
In deccan the Bahamani and the Vijaya Nagar kingdom appeared while in north the kingdom of Jaunpur,Malwa,Mewar,Marwar and Kashmir were developed.
India was again bought under one control by the Mughals.
Kingdom of Deccan
1.Bahamani Kingdom—the bahamani kingdom of the deccan was the most powerful of all the independent kingdom that arose after the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate .Although Amirs of Deccan against the sultanate during the reign of Mohammad bin tughlaq. It was hasan Gangoo who founded the Bahamani kingdom with capital at Gulbarga in 1347 AD.they remained engaged in war against Hindu kingdom of vijaya Nagar.After the break up of bahamani kingdom five separate muslim state (shia) came into existence .
1.Bijapur—It was founded by Yuosuf Adil shah and is called Adilshai kingdom .it was annexed by aurangzeb in 1686AD.
2.Ahamad nagar—it was founded by mallick Ahamad ,son of Nizam-ul- Mulq in the year 1490AD and is called Nizamshai dynasty.when Akbar invaded it 1576 AD Chand Bibi purchased peace by giving Berar.Ahamad nagar was finally annexed by shah jahan in 1637 AD.
3.Golcunda—founded by quli qutub shah in 1512 AD. It is qutub shahi dynasty, They made Char Minar in 1591 Ad in Hyderabad.This kingdom was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687AD.
4.Berar-it was first kingdom to break from the Bahamani kingdom and known as Imad shahi dynasty. In 1574 it was annexed by ahamad nagar.But Chand bibi of Ahamad Nagar gave it to Akbar in 1576 AD.
5.Bidar—it was known as bidar shai kingdom and was annexed by bijjapur in 1618 AD.

Vijaya Nagar kingdom
The vijaya Nagar kingdom was founded in 1336 AD by two brother Harihar and Bukka as a reaction against the muslim raids which threatened the hindu civilization in the southern India.The capital of the kingdom was Hamp initially they came into conflict with the Bahamani sultans for control over Tunghbhadra Doab ,Godawari Delta and Marathwada country. After broke up of Bahamani sultanate they have to struggle with new born Bjjapur kingdom.
Vijaya nagar empire had three line of ruler
1.the SANGAM DYNASTY—Harihar become the first ruler of sangam dynasty.During Dev Raya I Nicolo Counti ,the Italian traveler visited vijay nagar in 1420Ad. The perssian traveler abdur Razzaq came during Dev Raya II.
2 the SALUVA dynasty—Narshimahn came to power and succeeded in restoring the lost prestige of the empire.this event is known as the first usurpation .
3.The TALUVA dynasty—Vir Narshamha was the founder of this line. The greatest ruler of this dynasty was Krishna deva raya .he recoverd Riachur Doab from bijapur
finally all the muslim state united and attacked the vijayanagar empire this resulted into battle of Talikota also known as battle of Rakash taal, in 1565AD.this ended the vijaya nagar kingdom.
KINGDOM OF NORTH AFTER SULTANATE
Malwa—malwa was annexed by alla-ud-din khilji in 1305 AD. Dilawar khan made it independent in 1435 but 1562 AD Akbar annexed it .
Gujarat—In 1397 Jafar khan revolted and founded the Muzafaar dynasty.however in 1573 Akbar annexed Gujarat
Meewar(Rajashtan)—ala-ud-din khilji captured its capital chittor in 1303 Ad. But Rajputs restored their rule.the famous ranna Khumbha Karan of Mewar Vijaya Stambh at chittor in Commemoration of his success against malwa.
Marwar—the most important ruler of marwar was Muldeva who fought against Sher Shah Suri.
Kashmir—the first muslim sultan of Kashmir was Shamsh-ud-din shah who seized the throne in 1339AD. He is known as the Akbar of Kashmir.Akbar annexed Kashmir in 1586AD.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Babur(1526-1530ad)—in the first battle of pannipat baabur defeated the forces of ibrahim Lodhi and mughal empire was born. In a battle of Khanua he defeated the most powerful Rajput king of Meewar Rana Sangha .The backbone of the Rajput was broken.the reson for his success was his keen sense of Military strategy and effective use of Artillery. He bought under his hold Punjab , Delhi and the Gangetic Plane upto bihar. He wrote his autobiography “ Tuzuk-i-Baburi” in Turki.
Humayun (1530-1540) –he lost his kingdom to afgan king sher shah suri in 1540 AD.after death of sher shah in 1545, he gain his empire from the weak sucessors of sher shah in 1555 AD.
Sher shah suri – he defeated humayun in the battle of chausa in 1539and the battle of bilgram in 1540 and proclaim himself emperor of Hindustan. Sher shah was a great administrative and civil reformer. He divided his whole empire into sarkar and pragana. He issued large numbers of silver coins which formed the basis of british India currency. He built the famous grand trunk road which ran from east bangal to punjab. He also made worthy reforms in land revenues.

Akbar –(1556-1605AD) he was just 13 years old when he ascended the throne. Bairam khan ,his tutor took charge of the affairs of the state .the second battle of Panipat on 5th November,1556 between the Mughals and the Afghan forces went in favour of the Mughals .Baz Bahadur of Malwa was also defeated during Bairam khan’s regency but later he revolted but was forced to submit .After Bairam khan’s death Akbar married khan’s widow.
Territorial conquest of akbar
He annexed gujrat in 1573 and was so hapy that he named his capital at sikri near agra as fatehpur sikri and built buland darwaza to commemorate this conquest.
Bihar. Bangal, Kabul ,Kashmir, sindh and kandhar were also annexed to the mughal empire by akbar. He had little control over deccan. He only got berar from chand bibi.
Akbar sent huge army under raja man singh to crush the king of chittor maharana pratap. A pitched battle was fought at haldighati in 1576 .rana pratap lost the battle however he recovered most of the territories later on.

Administration of akbar --- akbar’s land reveue department was called diwan-i-ala. Wazir was the head of this department. Foe revenue collection akbar introduced two new system called dashsala and zabti. In dashsala system yield of previous 10 years were calculated and the state share was fixed at 1/3rd . while in zabti system which is also called todar mal bandobast, state share was fixed on the basis of measurement and assessment of land.
He also organized the army and introduced mansabdari system. It is actually a rank. Mir bakshi was the head of military department.
He was a liberal ruler and abolished pilgrim tax in 1563 and jazia in 1564. he promulgated a new religion called din-i illahi whose underlined principle was suleh-i-kul (universal toleration).
He constructed tomb of humayun at delhi, diwan-i-am and diwan-i-khas and a fort at agra, buland darwaza at fatehpur sikri.
Jahangir(1605-1627AD)—he excuted fifth sikh guru Arjundeva in 1605.in 1611 he married Nurjahan. Her original name was Mehru Nisa and was daughter of Mirza gyas begh .In1615 he signed treaty of peace with mewar king rana amar singh.During his period painting reached a climax.
Shah jahan—he annexed Kamrup(assam) and ahamad nagar.In 1630 Mughal empire faced severe famine.He was the most prolific builder.of all his building the most important are:the tomb of Jahangir at Lahore,The diwan-i-am ,diwan-khas at red fort at delhi,jama masjid of delhi and The Taj,
Aurangzeb(1658-1707)—during his long reign mughal empire reached the territorial limit .he was an orthodox king and was called Zinda Pir.He forbade singing in the court.he re imposed jazia His stern religious policy was partily responsible for the decline of the mughal power after his death.
After Aurangzeb mughal kingdom began to disintegrate and several independent kingdom came up ,however Mughal line continued upto 1857.we shall see important mughal ruler after aurangzeb
Farrukshsiyar(1713-19)—he granted Farman to British East India company exempting custom duties and many trading privileges in 1717 AD.
Mahammud shah Rangila—(1719-48)in 1738-39 Nadir shah invaded India and Koh-I-Noor was looted.
Alamgir II(1754-59AD)—ahamad shah Abdil invaded Delhi
Shah alam II—(1759-1806)—the Tripartite alliance of shah alam II, Mir Qasim of Bengal and shuja-ud-Doula of Avadh were defeated by the British at Buxar in 1764.this event was reverse of first battle of panipatBahadur shsh(1837-1862)—after the revolt of 1857, he was deported to Rangoon where he died in 1862.Hudson shot dead all other princes after recaputure of delhi and thus Mughal dynasty ended.
Independent kingdom after Aurangzeb
The mother of akbar was hamida begam
The mother of jahangir was hira kunwari
The mother of sahajhan princess manmati married to mumtaj(arjuman banu) his daughter was jahaara
The capital of auranzeb delhi and auranga bad(his tomb in aurangabad) his daughter zebu nisha
Takhat e taus – sahajhan
Tomb of jahangir in –nur jahan(his wife.step mother of shah jhan)
After mughal in 1724 ashif jah established nizam of Hyderabad came to India in 1948
The british established their first factory in madras in 1639 jahangir give then right to trade in surat and hugely
The Indian economy boomed under the Mughals, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country. Manufactured goods and peasant-grown cash crops were sold throughout the world. Key industries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry was as advanced as the European, and Indians sold ships to European firms), textiles, and steel. The Mughals maintained a small fleet, which merely carried pilgrims to Mecca, imported a few Arab horses, transported soldiers over rivers, and fought pirates; however, the Muslim Siddis of Janjira, and the Marathas sent ships to China, and the eastern limits of Africa, together with some Mughal subjects carrying out private-sector trade.